One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, the Sutlej. The historical Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca ( पञ्च), Greek pénte ( πέντε), and Lithuanian Penki, all of which meaning 'five' āb is cognate with Sanskrit áp ( अप्) and with the Av- of Avon. The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of South Asia and was a translation of the Sanskrit name for the region, Panchanada, which means 'Land of the Five Rivers'. The word Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) has been derived from the word Panj-āb, Persian for 'Five Waters', referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. 11.1 Governmental academies and institutes.
9.2 British Raj era and post-independence period.9.1 Medieval era, Mughal and Sikh period.Punjabi is unusual among Indo-Aryan languages (and Indo-European languages more generally) in its use of lexical tone. In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the Shahmukhi script, while Gurmukhi is used in India. The language is spoken among a significant overseas diaspora, particularly in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. In India, Punjabi is spoken by 31.1 million people (as of 2011) and has official status in the state of Punjab. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab province in Pakistan and it has not given official status at national level. Punjabi is spoken by 80.05 million people in Pakistan. It has approximately 113 million native speakers. It also has a significant presence in the United Arab Emirates, the United States, France, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, and the Netherlands. Punjabi is the 3rd most spoken language in England and the fifth most spoken native language in Canada. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan and the 11th most widely spoken language in India, and the third most-spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. Punjabi is the 9th most widely spoken language in the world. Punjabi ( Shahmukhi: پن٘جابی, Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, / p ʌ n ˈ dʒ ɑː b i/ Punjabi pronunciation: sometimes spelled Panjabi) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Punjabi people and native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.
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